Determination of digestibility coefficient

Nutrients present in the feedstuffs are not completely available to the animal body. Large portions of the nutrients are excreted In the faeces because of being not digested In the alimentary tract. Therefore, the digestibility of the feedstuff is defined as the portion of a feed or nutrient of feed which is not recovered In faeces, i.e., the portion which has been absorbed by the animal. When the digestibility is expressed in percentage it is known as digestibility coefficient. Digestibility coefficients are calculated for dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract and nitrogen-free extract. Digestibility of gross energy present in the food can also be determined. The digestibility coefficients normally determined are the apparent digestibility coefficients since the nutrients found in the faeces contain small proportion of nutrients from the previously utilized food In the form of mucosal debris, unspent enzymes ate

Importance of anabolic agents, binders, antioxidants and mould inhibitors in fish and prawn feeds

Binders, antioxidants, mould inhibitors and growth promoters are non-nutritional additives added in the feeds. The chemical compound choosen of the purpose should be neither toxic, nor antimetabolic, nor mutagenic, nor carcinogenic, nor teratogenic and nor bioaccumulative. Secondly must be effective at minimal concentration. Thirdly should neither retard growth, nor reduce palatability, appetite and assimilation of dietary nutrients. Fourthly should not react with the feed ingredients chemically in a way that would alter the nutritional quality of the feed adversely. Should be economical, And lastly should not reduce the quality of the meat produced by way of affecting taste, appearance, flavour and texture

JAMAICA BRASILEIRA: THE POLITICS OF REGGAE IN SÃO LUÍS, BRAZIL, 1968-2010

Residents of São Luís like to say that reggae music reached their island city in Maranhão state in northeast Brazil “through the back door,” into makeshift venues deep in urban slums. In time, audiences in São Luís cultivated a cosmopolitan music scene and an innovative cultural industry that earned their city the title of Jamaica Brasileira, or the Brazilian Jamaica. Based on interviews, archival research, participant-observation, and material sources including musical records, this dissertation explores how and why reggae developed local roots in São Luís and its subsequent role in local socio-economic and political developments. This study finds that Jamaican rhythms of the late 1960s and 1970s arrived primarily through the global music industry via the economic metropoles of the north Atlantic and southeast Brazil alongside other popular international styles. However, as audiences experimented by dancing in couples, they drew upon a range of Caribbean styles including merengue, cumbia, and boleros that had arrived through maritime trade in the mid-20th century. Meanwhile, electrical engineers and entrepreneurs in São Luís independently developed audio arrays known as sound systems resembling similar institutions in Jamaica; these sound systems in turn spurred the growth of the Jamaican-based music scene in conjunction with audiences. Beginning in 1990, people from São Luís made direct contact with Jamaica, initiating a new movement of people, material goods, and culture. The working-class music scene of São Luís also played a crucial role in negotiations between popular sectors, elites, and police during the military dictatorship, and reggae was even briefly criminalized in the public eye by association with violence, poverty, and marijuana. However, activists in the local black movement defended reggae and began to see the music as a primary weapon in their struggle for black liberation, leading to vigorous debates about nation, region, and culture. As the reggae scene moved from the informal to the formal sector, its sheer economic clout transformed the socio-cultural landscape of São Luís. Sound system owners also mobilized their audience bases into voting blocs, resulting in the election of one “reggae politician” to federal congress through a new complex of political-cultural patronage

Guaiane sesquiterpenes from seaweed Ulva fasciata Delile and their antibacterial properties

Two new guaiane sesquiterpene derivatives, guai-2-en-10a-ol (1) and guai-2-en-10a-methanol (2), were chromatographically purified as major constituents of the CHCl3/CH3OH (1:1, v/v) soluble fraction of Ulva fasciata. Acetylation of 2 furnished guai-2-en-10a-methyl methanoate (3) with acetyl group at C11 position. The structures of the compounds were elucidated using one and two-dimensional NMR and mass spectrometric analysis. Compounds 2 and 3 exhibited significant inhibition to the growth of Vibrio parahaemolyticus with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 25 and 35 mg/mL, respectively. The electronegative C10 acetyl group with high polarisability (7.02� 10�24 cm3) in 3 appeared to withdraw electron cloud from substituted cycloheptyl ring and (R)-3-methylcyclohept-1-ene moiety, thus acting as the nucleophilic center of the molecule resulting in high bioactivity

Dietary utilization of selected vegetable proteins by mullet, Liza macrolepis

 Seven feeds having 40%fat free protein from each one of the sources viz.coconut kernel oil cake, sesame . seed oil cake, ground-nut oil uke, horse-gram, field-bean, bengal-gram and casein fortified with phenylalanine, argenine and cystine were formulated. Casein was taken as the standard protein. Carbohydrate content was kept at not less than 35%while lipid (Cod liver oil) content was maintained at 5%vitamin mixture and mineral mixture (USPXIV) were at 2%level and Lambda varieties at 5%level was used as the binder. Aftcr feeding Liza mncrolepis of 1.8 to 3.8 g (live weight with the experimental diets once a day for 15 days to satation, the performance of the diets towards eight conversion indices were ranked. The ranking of the vegetable proteins in the descending order of performance is as follows: coconut,'bengal-gram, ground-nut, field-bean, sesame seed and horse-gram

Effect of solid state fermentation on nutrient composition of selected feed ingredients

Solid-state cultivation of the fungus Aspergillus niger and the bacterium Bacillus coagulans was carried out to enrich the nutritional value of plant ingredients like soybean meal, mixed ingredients and wheat bran to use as aquafeed ingredients. Fermentation of soybean meal (FSBM) using B. coagulans for 48 h resulted in significant (p<0.05) increase in the crude protein content (@ 3 to 7%) with concurrent decrease in nitrogen free extract (NFE) (11 to 16 %). Among the essential amino acids, valine (7%), isoleucine (2%), leucine (2%), lysine (93%) and tryptophan (42%) showed substantial increases in FSBM after 48 h. Solid state fermentation (SSF) of ingredient mix using A. niger NCIM 616 resulted in initial reduction of crude protein content during the first 48 h followed by significant (p<0.05) increase of 4 to 14% during the course of fermentation. The crude fat content showed a 35% increase in 96 h. Nitrogen free extract though increased marginally (4%) at 48 h showed significant reduction (17%) at 96 h. A marginal increase in arginine, valine and methionine levels were also observed in the fermented ingredient mix (FIM). Solid state fermentation of wheat bran using A. niger S14 (a mangrove isolate) had resulted in substantial increase in crude protein level (57 to 66%) as compared to that of raw wheat bran. The carbohydrate content in wheat bran showed substantial reduction (75 to 39%) during the course of fermentation. Essential amino acids like, histidine, threonine, valine, isoleucine and lysine showed increase during SSF. The results of the present study show that B. coagulans and the selected strains of A. niger can be used for nutritional enrichment of plant ingredients for further use in aquafeed formulations

Feeding and ingestion rates in different size groups of pearl oyster Pinctada fucata (Gould) spat

Optimum feed requirement and ingestion rate of pearl oyster Pinctada fucata spat of three different size groups were studied. The spat were fed Chaetoceros sp. at different concentrations to study the feeding rate. Spat in the size group 5-9 mm had the maximum growth when fed at a concentration of 3 lakh cells ml-1' spat-1' day-1'. Spat in the size range 10-14 mm and 15-19mm showed the maximum growth at a feed concentration of 6 lakh cells and 9 lakh cells respectively. The growth rate was found to be higher in smaller group with lower concentration of feed whereas growth increment was higher in larger group at a higher concentration.The ingestion rates were found to be directly related to the size of the spat. Larger the spat, more is the rate of ingestion hr'. The results of this study could be taken advantage of in the hatchery and onshore culture systems for maintaining optimum algal densities for raising oyster spat

Amylase and acid protease production by solid state fermentation using Aspergillus niger from mangrove swamp

Production of amylase and acid protease by solid state fermentation employing Aspergillus niger strain S14, a mangrove isolate was evaluated. Wheat bran containing 60% moisture was used for fermentation with two inoculum sizes of 2x106 and 40x106 spores 10 g substrate-1. The maximum amylase activity of 48.13 Ugdfs-1 was recorded after an incubation period of 4 days at temperature 30 0C and pH 4.8 for the inoculum size 40x106 spores 10 g substrate-1. The concentration of reducing sugar showed a significant negative correlation (-0.496, p<0.05) with amylase production. The peak acid protease activity was observed on day 6 (54.89 Ugdfs-1) for 2x106 spores 10g substrate-1 and on day 4 for 40x106 spores 10g substrate-1 under standard assay conditions of 30 0C and pH 2.7. The concentration of protein in the substrate was significantly (R=0.778, p<0.05) correlated with the acid protease production